another quick little mc25 essay
One of the most salient features of modern visuality, post-1840, is the incorporation of capital, commodity, and exchange into the field. Furthermore, this includes a stratification of the classes, yet also a generalization and universalization of visuality based on the fluidity and confusion of that multiplicity.
Foucault's gruesome depiction of the 1757 public torture and execution of a man convicted of regicide in Paris is a prime example of pre-modern (Foucault: "Classical") spectacle. It is simply the display of power as enacted by the upper class for the masses below, in order to teach a strict lesson. As such, there are basically two separate modes of spectactorship in play at this gathering, though both rely on identification with one of the on-stage representatives. There is, on the one hand, the spectator of the upper class - who takes the place of the executioner, and can be characterized by the sentiment, "Good riddance; the brute got what he deserved; hopefully it will serve as an example to those of his ilk." On the other hand, there is the spectator of the under class - who takes the place of the executed, and can be characterized by the sentiment, "My body is malleable like the body I see; if I attempt to take the place of the executioner, such as this man did, I could easily meet the same end as he." (Regicide, however, was probably the surest way for a member of the under class to gain a role on stage, and moreover the upper class relied on this sort of spectacle for the maintenance of its empowerment in the hearts of the masses). It is thus evident that considerations of class were not only part and parcel of the pre-modern spectacle, but were in fact vital to its operation.
Those considerations were not to disappear in the ensuing century - but they did alter their activity, as new forms of the question of class - indeed, new classes - began to sprout and grow from the old crack in the facade. Foucault describes these new mutations as the beginnings of a surveillance society, as opposed to his formulation of Classical spectacle - and in direct rebuttal to Guy Debord's assertion that modernity is the engenderment of the "society of the spectacle." Yet with all due respect to Foucault's theorization of surveillance, perhaps it is a bit imprudent to so strongly oppose these two regimes of modern visuality. Indeed, Jonathan Crary notes the coincidence of modern surveillance and modern spectacle i, which prompts his shift in use from the term "spectator" to the term "observer" - a term which might be taken denote a more present (more empowered) viewer. The observer is someone who sees while being seen, or in fact sees in order to be seen. In a certain respect this is applicable to the modern method of consumption, of which visuality becomes an act; to see is no longer to passively identify oneself with an "on-stage" representative, but it is now to own, or in other words to incorporate the spectacle (if it can still be termed such) into and as one's self. Foucault in fact does touch on this, if only in a roundabout way, with his theorization of the panoptic principle: the individual assumes and internalizes the role of both observer and observed - he knows that at any moment he might be the object of scrutiny, and therefore he lives his life as if that were always the case, in a sort of performance of being for the gaze of a generalized and unidentified society. The stage has extended so that the audience is now its own spectacle.
This engenders a certain amount of irony on what is still the physical stage. T.J. Clark comments on this phenomenon with his analysis of the café-concert. He quotes Degas' brother's letter to his parents: "I go with Edgar... to the café-chantant to hear idiotic songs... and other absurd nonsense."ii This inanity and frivolity perhaps comes as a relief to the ultra-seriousness and fixed attention of the pre-modern spectacle. Modernity poses a stratified range of attention to counter the formerly socially split acknowledgments of the spectacular display of power. In the café-concert, society is recreated as an intermingling under one roof of carelessness, hence the usual allowance to see as much of the performance as the attendant could consume, or afford to consume, in libations. Furthermore, the on-stage performance was not even the main spectacle - the spectacle had instead become the audience itself. Clark quotes: "What an atmosphere! It was my first time in this place, the first time I had seen women in a café with smoking permitted... Twenty years ago, you could have sought in vain for such a spectacle in all of Paris."iii This sentiment is reflected perfectly in Manet's painting, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère: the barmaid of the café-concert, dressed enticingly yet wearing the dull absent expression of the unattendant attendant, is the central feature of the picture. She stands before an array of consumable intoxicants, which are reflected in the overwhelming mirror behind her - along with the swirling costumes of the audience and a refracted view of both the barmaid's surprisingly disheveled rear and, finally, a gentleman purveyor, who assumes our misguided gaze in his preparation to make a purchase of something delectable. As an afterthought, green shoes hang lazily from a trapeze in the upper left-hand corner of the canvas.
Clark goes on to quote: "The most curious aspect of the picture for the flâneur who cares to observe is the audience outside."iv Clark writes that Thérése, the most famed of the café-concert singers, "claimed to be singing with them in view"v - she purported to identify most strongly with those poor onlookers. This is indicative of the new fluidity and nonchalance of class relations, and indeed class identifications, in the modernity of the café-concert. The rise of the bourgeoisie (and the petit-bourgeoisie) is essential to this change, as it allowed for a class devoted to value, or rather, evaluation. Thus, the under class was no longer the hopeless beggars that the upper class had previously made them out to be; their position could now be romanticized in a double characterization of melancholy and simplicity (hence Clark's discussion of Raffaëlli vi). The bourgeoisie moreover bridged the gap between the upper and under classes and created a space of movement between the two. That type of movement was defined by the leisurely stroll of the flâneur, who could conspicuously and silently consume images and therefore turn the visual world into a world of commodity. On the other hand, this newly generalized visuality called for a new type of monotonized attitude toward it - "a flat and eloquent sadness we call ennui,"vii as Clark quotes. Furthermore: "The physiognomy of the audience in general is a kind of troubled torpor. Nowadays these people come alive only as a result of shock."viii
This newly democratized visual consumption, along with the idea of shock, are key to Walter Benjamin's arguments on modernity. He, however, nuances and updates the idea of the modern flâneur for his milieu of the 1930's, and supposes that, in the 20th century's age of mechanical automation, the "composure" of the flâneur - in other words, his "ennui" or "melancholy," "has given way to manic behavior."ix He writes that the flâneur "plunges into the crowd as into a reservoir of electric energy" - and that he is, as in Baudelaire's description, "a kaleidoscope equipped with consciousness."x This is related to the deprival of the aura of the work of art in the age of technological reproducibility - and its replacement with the effect of shock. In other words, the boredom which ensues from the irony and generalization of the spectacular in the mid-nineteenth century soon calls for "a new and urgent need for stimuli," from which "perception in the form of shock was established as a formal principle."xi
i Crary, p.18
ii Clark, p.208
iii Ibid.
iv Ibid., p.213
v Ibid.
vi Ibid., p.26
vii Ibid., p.209
viii Ibid.
ix Benjamin, p.174
x Ibid., p.177
xi Ibid.
